Discussing the Negative Impacts of Virtual Pilgrimage on Socio-Cultural & Religious Activities of Selected Asian Destinations during the Covid-19 Crisis, and the Need for Physical Presence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pilgrimage tourism involves the physical traveling of pilgrims to a specific place of rituals. Pilgrimage as a distant journey has immense contributions to the sustainable development of tourism destinations until recently. The emergence of the Covid-19 crisis introduced some socio-cultural and religious changes through virtual pilgrimage (VP). VP is a type of pilgrimage that limits the physical presence of pilgrims to the place of rituals. Although VP reduces the spread of Covid-19 infections, it limits the sustainable development of socio-cultural benefits of biodiversity. For example, it reduces the aesthetic values of natural ecosystems and aboriginal relationships with the pilgrims. Previous studies on pilgrimage tourism have neglected the socio-cultural impacts of VP on tourism destinations during the Covid-19 crisis, preferring to focus instead on tourism development and types of pilgrimage. This emphasis could be critical if not well addressed. This study explored the negative impacts of VP on the socio-cultural dimensions of biodiversity and religious activities of selected pilgrimage destinations during the Covid-19 crisis using primary and secondary data. Findings from stage one suggested that VP introduces socio-cultural and economic changes such as a decrease in arrivals, pilgrim’s well-being, and job opportunities. Stage two analysis confirmed the findings. The study also discussed the limitations and future studies.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".