Anion‐Dependent Polarization and Piezoelectric Power Generation in Hybrid Halide MAPbX<sub>3</sub> (X = I, Br, and Cl) Thin Films with Out‐of‐Plane Structural Adjustments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Anion‐dependent differences in the electromechanical energy harvesting capability of perovskite halides have not been experimentally demonstrated thus far. Herein, anion‐dependent piezoelectricity and bending‐driven power generation in high‐quality methylammonium lead halide MAPbX 3 (X = I, Br, and Cl) thin films are explored; additionally, anisotropic in situ strain is imposed to improve energy harvesting under tensile bending. After applying the maximum in situ strain of −0.73% for all the halide thin films, the MAPbI 3 thin‐film harvester exhibited a peak voltage/current of ≈23.1 V/≈1703 nA as the best values, whereas MAPbBr 3 and MAPbCl 3 demonstrated ≈5.6 V/≈176 nA and ≈3.3 V/≈141 nA, respectively, under identical bending conditions. Apart from apparent ferroelectricity of tetragonal MAPbI 3 , origin of the piezoelectricity in both cubic MAPbBr 3 and MAPbCl 3 is explored as being related to organic–inorganic hydrogen bonding, lattice distortion, and ionic migration, with experimental supports of effective piezoelectric coefficient and grain boundary potential. Conclusively, piezoelectricity of the cubic halides is assumed to be due to their soft polarity modes and relatively low elastic modulus with vacancies contributing to space‐charge polarization. In the case of ferroelectric MAPbI 3 , the distortion of PbI 6 octahedra and atomic displacement within each octahedron are quantitatively estimated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".