Impact of Reversible Proton Insertion on the Electrochemistry of Electrode Materials Operating in Mild Aqueous Electrolytes: A Case Study with TiO <sub>2</sub>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Near‐neutral aqueous electrolytes are to be preferred for the development of sustainable electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Protons are inherent to these electrolytes and their reactivity toward the electrode material extends beyond their own reduction, especially when reversible proton insertion takes place in the bulk electrode material from acidic or buffered electrolytes. However, a still burning question is regarding whether reversible proton insertion persists when working in unbuffered mild aqueous electrolytes, and if so, with which consequences on the functioning of the electrode material. Here this issue is addressed by examining TiO 2 as a model insertion electrode in a range of mild aqueous electrolytes. Through a combination of experiments, modelling and multiphysics simulations, it is demonstrated that in a KCl‐based electrolyte, water acts as proton donor to support the reversible insertion of protons in TiO 2 , while in a NH 4 Cl‐based aqueous electrolyte, the proton donor is NH 4 + . Moreover, it is established that strong pH gradients develop at the electrode interface during proton insertion/disinsertion, highlighting their dependence on the proton donor/acceptor and rationalizing their impact on the electrode voltage. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive framework of proton‐insertion coupled electron transfer that can be easily generalized to other electrode materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".