Development of children, adolescents, and young adults with cerebral palsy according to the <scp>ICF</scp>: A scoping review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM: To identify and provide a descriptive overview of the development of children, adolescents, and young adults with cerebral palsy (CP) in longitudinal studies; and map areas of focus according to the components of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). METHOD: Longitudinal studies of the development of children, adolescents, and/or young adults with CP were included in this scoping review. A search for eligible studies was conducted in the databases MEDLINE, PubMed, LILACS, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Scopus, and was restricted to the years 2002 to 2022. All outcome measures of the studies were classified into ICF components. RESULTS: In the 56 studies included, there were 19 438 participants, involving mainly children, followed by adolescents, and lastly young adults. All components of the ICF were investigated and many studies reported outcomes in more than one component. Activity was the most investigated (67.9%; n = 38 studies), followed by body functions and structures (42.9%; n = 24 studies). Participation (14.2%; n = 8 studies) and environmental factors (3.6%; n = 2 studies) were the least studied. None of the studies investigated personal factors as an outcome. INTERPRETATION: This scoping review provides an overview of studies on the development of children, adolescents, and young adults with CP, using the ICF framework, identifying current areas of focus and gaps in the research. Future studies should target participation, contextual factors, and the transition into adulthood. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health can be used to map a range of outcomes through developmental studies. The main outcomes investigated in children with cerebral palsy were activity, and body functions and structures. Little has been explored in participation and contextual factors outcomes over time. The main classification used to stratify the participants was the Gross Motor Function Classification System.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.046 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.017 | 0.016 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".