Photocaged DNA-Binding Photosensitizer Enables Photocontrol of Nuclear Entry for Dual-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved cancer treatment that requires a photosensitizer (PS), light, and molecular oxygen─a combination which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can induce cancer cell death. To enhance the efficacy of PDT, dual-targeted strategies have been explored where two photosensitizers are administered and localize to different subcellular organelles. To date, a single small-molecule conjugate for dual-targeted PDT with light-controlled nuclear localization has not been achieved. We designed a probe composed of a DNA-binding PS (Br-DAPI) and a photosensitizing photocage (WinterGreen). Illumination with 480 nm light removes WinterGreen from the conjugate and produces singlet oxygen mainly in the cytosol, while Br-DAPI localizes to nuclei, binds DNA, and produces ROS using one- or two-photon illumination. We observe synergistic photocytotoxicity in MCF7 breast cancer cells, and a reduction in size of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids, demonstrating that nuclear/cytosolic photosensitization using a single agent can enhance PDT efficacy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".