Exploitation of the antibacterial, antibiofilm and antioxidant activities of Salvadora Persica (Miswak) extract
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Salvadora persica (S. persica) L. chewing stick, usually known as miswak, is still being employed as an oral hygiene agent for plaque and gingivitis prevention. This study aims to assess the antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and phytochemical profile of S. persica extract. The S. persica was purchased from a local market, grinded and extracted with petroleum ether. The disk diffusion, microdilution, and micro-plate assays were performed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the prepared extract at different concentrations against β-lactam resistance Streptococcus species. Free radical scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and stable radical cationic chromophore, 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) methods were used to determine their antioxidant activity. Chromatographic and spectrometric analyses were performed using gas chromatography-mass (GC-MS) spectrometry. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of S. persica extract against β-lactam resistance Streptococcus species ranged from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL. The maximum suppression of biofilm formation by S. persica extract was observed at MIC with a percentage of 68.66%, against Streptococcus oralis. The S. persica extract exhibited antioxidant activity with IC50 of 20 µg/mL and 35 µg/mL from DPPH and ABTS, respectively. The phytochemical characterization showed the presence of 22 compounds with major compounds; benzyl isothiocyanate (36.21%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (27.62%). The S. persica extract exhibited antibacterial activity against β-lactam resistant Streptococcus species, showing a promising natural alternative that could be a treatment option.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".