Degradation of soil arching caused by suffusion in gap-graded soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To investigate evolution of soil arching during suffusion in gap-graded soils, a new suffusion apparatus was developed for trapdoor tests under a horizontal seepage flow. Glass beads with fine-grain contents ranging from 15% to 45% were adopted to represent coarse-grain controlled soils and fine-grain controlled soils. Coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) models were developed to further investigate the evolution of soil arching from microscopic views. At the early stage of suffusion, soil arching degraded rapidly under seepage loads in both coarse-grain controlled and fine-grain controlled soils due to the compaction of soil skeleton and the clogging of voids, which increased in the number of fine particles connected to the stress-transfer matrix. At the later stage, soil arching was nearly maintained as the soil skeleton became stable in the coarse-grain controlled soils. In the fine-grain controlled soils, soil arching degraded continuously due to continuous loss of fine particles connected to the stress-transfer matrix. The decrease in the contact number of fine particles also made the soil skeleton more vulnerable to suffusion. The degradation of soil arching resulted in an increase of surface displacement and a decrease of soil arching height in fine-grain controlled soils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".