Sensor Fusion of Self-Sensed Measurements for Position Control of a Constant Air-Gap Solenoid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents a novel constant air-gap solenoid (CAS) actuator design that can perform accurate and wide-bandwidth closed-loop position control with two fused self-sensed plunger measurements. The recently patented CAS actuator is experimentally validated to be the first electromagnetic actuator with the ability to simultaneously produce two plunger position measurements with complementary bandwidth characteristics. First, a variable reluctance differential solenoid transducer (VRDST) is converted into a stacked CAS actuator through minor geometry modifications. Next, two complementary self-sensing methods that are based on inductance and back electromotive force (BEMF) are selected. Then, a complementary filter design is proposed to fuse the inductance- and BEMF-based self-sensing methods. Afterward, the design and fabrication of the prototype CAS actuator and the experimental setup are discussed. The experimental setup is then used to characterize the prototype CAS actuator and observe the performance of the individual self-sensing methods. Finally, the fused measurement is used for feedback in closed-loop position control. The closed-loop position control experiments show that the self-sensed feedback performs comparably with a dedicated high-end laser vibrometer. Furthermore, the results show that the sensor fusion output performs better than the individual self-sensing methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".