Carbonate Detection With SuperCam in Igneous Rocks on the Floor of Jezero Crater, Mars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Perseverance explored two geological units on the floor of Jezero Crater over the first 420 Martian days of the Mars2020 mission. These units, the Máaz and Séítah formations, are interpreted to be igneous in origin, with traces of alteration. We report the detection of carbonate phases along the rover traverse based on laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), infrared reflectance spectroscopy (IRS), and time‐resolved Raman (TRR) spectroscopy by the SuperCam instrument. Carbonates are identified through direct detection of vibrational modes of CO 3 functional groups (IRS and TRR), major oxides content, and ratios of C and O signal intensities (LIBS). In Séítah, the carbonates are consistent with magnesite‐siderite solid solutions (Mg# of 0.42–0.70) with low calcium contents (<5 wt.% CaO). They are detected together with olivine in IRS and TRR spectra. LIBS and IRS also indicate a spatial association of the carbonates with clays. Carbonates in Máaz are detected in fewer points, as: (a) siderite (Mg# as low as 0.03); (b) carbonate‐containing coatings, enriched in Mg (Mg# ∼0.82) and spatially associated with different salts. Overall, using conservative criteria, carbonate detections are rare in LIBS (∼30/2,000 points), IRS (∼15/2,000 points), and TRR (1/150 points) data. This is best explained by (a) a low carbonate content overall, (b) small carbonate grains mixed with other phases, (c) intrinsic complexity of in situ measurements. This is consistent with orbital observations of Jezero crater, and similar to compositions of carbonates previously reported in Martian meteorites. This suggests a limited carbonation of Jezero rocks by locally equilibrated fluids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".