Selection for insecticide resistance can promote <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> infection in <i>Anopheles</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Insecticide resistance is under strong selective pressure in Anopheles mosquitoes due to widespread usage of insecticides in vector control strategies. Resistance mechanisms likely cause changes that profoundly affect mosquito physiology, yet it remains poorly understood how selective pressures imposed by insecticides may alter the ability of the mosquito to host and transmit a Plasmodium infection. From pyrethroid-resistant field-derived Anopheles gambiae s . l . mosquitoes, we performed selection experiments to establish resistant (RES) and susceptible (SUS) colonies by either selection for, or loss of, insecticide resistance. We show increased prevalence, intensity, and oocyst growth rate of Plasmodium falciparum infection in RES females compared to SUS. The increase in infection intensity in RES females was not associated with the presence of the kdr L1014F mutation, and was not impacted by inhibition of Cytochrome P450s. The lipid transporter lipophorin (Lp), which was upregulated in RES compared to SUS, was at least partly implicated in the increased intensity of P. falciparum but not directly in the insecticide resistance phenotype. Interestingly, we observed that although P. falciparum infections were not affected when RES females were exposed to permethrin, these females had decreased lipid abundance in the fat body following exposure, pointing to a possible role for lipid mobilization in response to damage caused by insecticide challenge. The finding that selection for insecticide resistance can increase P. falciparum infection intensities and growth rate reinforces the need to assess the overall impact on malaria transmission dynamics of selective pressures mosquitoes experience during repeated insecticide challenge. Significance Statement Insecticide resistance poses a severe threat for malaria control. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, the active component of most insecticide-treated nets, is now widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, reducing the efficacy of these crucial tools. Despite significant research characterizing insecticide resistance mechanisms, it remains unknown how these traits influence Plasmodium falciparum infections in malaria-transmitting Anopheles mosquitoes. We established a pyrethroid-resistant and pyrethroid-susceptible population of Anopheles gambiae derived from the same genetic background and performed experimental infections with P. falciparum . We found that the pyrethroid-resistant population was more supportive of malaria parasites compared to the susceptible population. This was not caused by well-known insecticide resistance mechanisms, but linked with a lipid transporter, lipophorin, which may play an indirect role in resistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".