Influence of abrasive water jet and conventional drilling on the fatigue performance of hybrid carbon/flax laminates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most of the research on hybrid natural fiber composites has been focused on non-structural applications. The aim of this research is to improve the understanding of how to use hybrid natural fiber composites for structural applications, such as in the aerospace and automotive industries. The joining of subassemblies with rivets, bolts, or screws is a prominent feature in these industries, which implies that the presence of holes in the structural members is unavoidable. The study of the effect of holes on the mechanical behavior of these members is therefore imperative, especially given that holes are stress risers. An important factor in the design of open-hole hybrid flax composites is their fatigue behavior under cyclic loading because it accounts for most failures in composite structures. The investigation of this behavior is reported in this study where three types of 16-ply symmetric hybrid composites that were manufactured using woven carbon (C) and unidirectional flax (F), namely, unidirectional (CF[0]), cross-ply (CF[0/90]) and angle-ply (CF[ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> </mml:math> 45]) are employed. A circular hole was made in the center of each specimen using either an abrasive water jet or conventional drilling methods. The observed machining-induced critical defect was delamination, which manifested in three forms: peel-up, push-out, and secondary. Stepwise fatigue tests were conducted to determine the damage evolution and high-cycle fatigue strength of each layup. The damage evolution of the material was assessed via stiffness damage, thermographic methods, and dissipated energy per cycle. It was observed that CF[0] layups are unaffected by the machining process and they have an identical high-cycle fatigue strength. For the CF[0/90] and CF[ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> </mml:math> 45] layups, conventional drilling specimens have a higher high-cycle fatigue strength than their abrasive water jet counterparts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".