Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract International trade regulation based on agreement and the MFN principle has developed from bilateral FCN agreements to a multilateral arrangement under the GATT with diverse ancillary decisions, understandings, and agreements, to its modern form of comprehensive multilateral agreement under the WTO. A critical part of trade regulation has been the role of dispute settlement where under the WTO the Appellate Body became the authoritative decision-maker on the scope or ambit of the obligations under the WTO agreements. However, since the WTO, preferential trade agreements have proliferated at the bilateral, regional, and plurilateral levels, often deepening the areas of obligation from those under the WTO or expanding to new areas not covered by the WTO agreements. Most recently, this has taken the form of a mega-regional arrangement, the TPP, transformed into the CPTPP, characterized by the number of parties and the size of markets and coverage of areas not found in the WTO or other trade agreements, and without a constitutional role being granted to dispute settlement. The future of international trade regulation, given the present economic and political conditions, is uncertain. The comprehensiveness of mega-regulation is a model, but a reinvigoration of the WTO is unlikely. Retrenchment to traditional bilateral or small-scale regional forms of regulation of much narrower scope cannot be ruled out.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".