Mechanical Alloying of Ball-Milled Cu–Ti–B Elemental Powder with the In Situ Formation of Titanium Diboride
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper represents the fabrication and characterization (microstructural, mechanical, and electrical) of Cu-2wt% B-4 wt% Ti and Cu-5wt% B-10wt% Ti alloy from the ball-milled Cu, Ti, and B powders. The in situ formation of TiB2 was also discussed in the light of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This present work investigates the effect of various parameters on powder production and the formation of in situ TiB2 through the thermo-mechanical route. The apparent activation energy during metastable phase formation for the two types of alloy composites has been calculated using the Johnson-Mehl-Avramani (JMA) equation and found to be 567.46 and 626.37 (KJ/mol), respectively. However, the findings of this study indicate the mechanical properties of the composite are due to the in situ formation of TiB2 particles in the Cu matrix. The properties of the composites after heat treatment were discussed employing mechanical and electrical properties and measured ultimate tensile strength (UTS) (~375 MPa), yield strength (~300 MPa), and hardness (~150 Hv) for a higher percentage of Ti and B addition. The electrical conductivity also decreased to 53% IACS as Ti negatively impacts conductivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".