Surface-groundwater exchange between a wetland, sandur, and lava field in southeastern Iceland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In May 2019, over 50 springs were identified at a sandur-lava field–wetland complex in Southeast Iceland and a subset was selected for further investigation including monitoring water levels, discharge, and water chemistry. Between May and September 2019, springs at the study site had relatively stable water levels and temperatures (4–5 °C), although heavy rains (>10 mm) corresponded with increased water levels and/or temperatures at some springs. Together, the water level, temperature, and stable isotope data suggest that the springs at the study site are fed by older groundwater from an aquifer that is recharged by precipitation. Spikes in water level indicated that at least one spring at the edge of the sandur also received floodwater and shallow subsurface flows from the glacial-fed Brunná River. One wetland spring was further monitored over the water year (October 2019 to October 2020). Like other springs, water levels and temperatures remained relatively stable, fluctuating with inputs of precipitation. Longer-term studies will be needed to gain an improved understanding of seasonal spring vulnerability to climate change and their role in the functioning of a coastal wetland in Southeast Iceland.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".