Topographical differences in white matter hyperintensity burden and cognition in aging, MCI, and AD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are pathological changes that develop with increased age and are associated with cognitive decline. Most research on WMHs has neglected to examine regional differences and instead focuses on using a whole‐brain approach. This study examined regional WMH differences and their association with different cognition domains in normal controls (NCs), people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods We included participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Few studies using ADNI data have examined the most recent cohort, ADNI‐3. Our study included datapoints from this recently released cohort. Participants were selected from ADNI and were included if they had at least one WMH measurement and cognitive scores examining global cognition (Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale‐13), executive functioning (Trail Making Test‐Part B, and memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test). MCI and AD participants were included only if they were amyloid positive. A total of 1573 participants with 7381 follow‐ups met inclusion criteria. Linear mixed‐effects models were completed to examine group differences in WMH burden and the association between WMH burden and cognition in aging, MCI, and AD. Results People with MCI and AD had increased total and regional WMH burden compared to cognitively healthy older adults. An association between WMH and cognition was observed for global cognition, executive functioning, and memory in NCs in all regions of interest. A steeper decline (stronger association between WMH and cognition) was observed in MCI compared to NCs for all cognitive domains in all regions. A steeper decline was observed in AD compared to NCs for global cognition in only the temporal region. Conclusion Including ADNI‐3 data in this study is a novel strength to this study. These results suggest WMH burden increases from aging to AD. A strong association is observed between all cognitive domains of interest and WMH burden in healthy aging and MCI, while those with AD only had a few associations between and WMH and global cognition. These findings indicate that WMH burden is associated with changes in cognition in healthy aging and prodromal AD but not AD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".