Neurotoxic mechanisms of glyphosate exposure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Human exposure to pesticides is increasing, especially glyphosate‐based herbicides (GBH). Thus, it is of great interest to characterize whether glyphosate (Gly) exerts neurotoxic effects. Besides Gly, GBH formulations contain adjuvants, mainly POEA, a surfactant. We hypothesize adjuvants may enhance glyphosate neurotoxicity. Therefore, we aimed at investigating the neurotoxic properties of Gly and its adjuvants. Method Gly, POEA, Gly+POEA, and GBH were orally administered into male Wistar rats (90‐day‐old, n = 30) for 28 days (5 mg/kg/day). Controls received vehicle. Then, we assessed the working memory via Y‐maze test, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT‐1) immunocontent in cortex and hippocampus via Western blot, mitochondrial respiration via high‐resolution respirometry in cortex and brain metabolism via FDG‐PET (pons as reference region). Result GFAP and iNOS in the cortex were higher in Gly (p= 0.0053 and p=0.0012, respectively) compared to GBH (Figures A, B), whereas GLT‐1 was higher in the GBH (p=0.0004), compared to Gly (Figure C). Hippocampus showed no changes in GFAP, iNOS, and GLT‐1 expression in any group. The POEA group showed impaired working memory in the Y‐maze test (p=0.005) (Figure D). The respiratory control ratio was affected in the cortices of POEA (p=0.0212) and Gly+POEA (p=0.0281) groups (Figure E). Brain metabolism was not altered in cortical and hippocampal regions. However, the striatum presented hypermetabolism in POEA (p=0.0492) group (Figure F). Conclusion Environmental factors may contribute to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases in later life, including AD. Our preliminary results reveal individual toxic effects of Gly, POEA, and GBH, highlighting the overlooked role that adjuvants may have in herbicides toxicity. It seems that different subsets of reactive astrocytes result from each treatment. Mitochondrial uncoupling and striatum hypermetabolism may underlie working memory deficits. The study of potential pathways of neurotoxicity is fundamental for translational findings since the general population is chronically exposed to low doses of complex glyphosate formulations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".