Lipid oxidation as a marker of apathy and executive dysfunction in patients at risk of vascular cognitive impairment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Apathy and executive function decline are hallmarks of vascular dysfunction in neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. People with mild vascular cognitive impairment (mVCI) display a combined etiology of both cognitive impairment and vascular comorbidities; hence, patients with vascular risk factors are at risk for mVCI. The co‐occurrence of apathy and executive dysfunction is prevalent; however, the physiological pathway underlying these manifestations is yet to be investigated. Oxidative stress is often present in vascular dysfunction. This study investigated the relationship between oxidative stress, specifically markers of lipid oxidation, apathy, and executive dysfunction in patients at risk of mVCI. Method Patients at risk of mVCI were recruited from a population of patients with coronary artery disease in a Cardiac Rehabilitation Program. Apathy was assessed using the Apathy Evaluation Scale and executive function with Trial Making Test B, phonemic fluency test and animal naming test. Fasting blood was collected and serum concentrations of early and late lipid oxidation markers, lipid hydroperoxides (LPH) and 8‐isoprostane (8‐ISO) respectively, were measured. Result Participants (n=206, Age= 63.0±7.5, 80% men, total years of education= 15.9±3.4, AES score= 28.3±8.8, composite z score for EF= 0±1) demonstrated significantly different ratios of late to early lipid oxidation markers (8‐ISO/LPH) between groups (F(3, 202) = 10.915, p <0.001) with increasing levels in the following order: no apathy or executive dysfunction, only executive dysfunction, only apathy, and both apathy and executive dysfunction. A multivariate linear regression model adjusting for demographics found that lipid oxidation was significantly associated with apathy (B= 4.63, p < 0.001) and executive function (B= ‐0.19, p= 0.018); however, when controlling for both demographics and vascular risk factors, lipid oxidation was significantly associated with apathy alone (B= 3.11, p= 0.002). Conclusion The results highlight an important involvement of lipid oxidation in the co‐occurrence of apathy and executive dysfunction in patients at risk of mVCI. Our results show that increased oxidative stress may contribute to the development of apathy, which may relate to why apathy is a strong risk factor for progression to dementia in at‐risk populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".