Bibliographic record
Abstract
Islam's social revolution came a century and a quarter after Muhammad's unification of Arabia, and was the revolution of the non-Arab Muslims on the northeastern periphery of the Arab empire. The non-Arab converts to Islam formed the special category of clients (mawali) whose patrons were Arabs. The Mawali of Khorasan and Transoxania launched a mass movement for equality with Arabs on the basis of Islam in the second quarter of the eighth century, and the opponents of the Umayyad Caliphate from Muhammad's clan of Banu Hashem began sending agents to the region to recruit a clandestine party for a revolution on their behalf. The Hashemite revolution of the Khorasanian Mawali broke out in 747 and is known by the name of its victors as the Abbasid Revolution. In 750, the army sent from Khorasan by its leader, Abu Muslim, destroyed the Umayyad Arab empire that had begun to crumble from within in 744. The two major consequences of the Abbasid Revolution, the integration of the Persian Mawali into the Muslim empire and the rise of caliphal absolutism, are explained by our two main models of integrative and centralizing (Tocquevillian) revolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".