Expression of Ki-67, P63, P40, and Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin in Salivary Gland Carcinomas with or without Myoepithelial Differentiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Myoepithelial cells are involved in the development of salivary glands. Many studies propose that these cells can prevent cell proliferation. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the expression of Ki-67, P63, P40, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in salivary gland carcinomas with or without myoepithelial differentiation. Methods: A panel of myoepithelial markers including P63, P40, α-SMA, and Ki-67 were used for immunohistochemical study in 67 salivary gland carcinomas (33 with and 34 without myoepithelial differentiation). The percentage of positive cells was calculated (in high-power field) from a minimum of 1000 neoplastic cells. SPSS software (version 21) was used. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between Ki-67 expression and the presence or absence of myoepithelial cells ( P = 0.6), but Ki-67 expression was related to the age ( P = 0.032) and location of carcinomas ( P = 0.001). All carcinomas with myoepithelial differentiation exhibited consistent P63+/P40+ staining, whereas polymorphous adenocarcinomas showed P63+/P40− immunophenotype. The expression of Ki-67 in adenoid cystic carcinomas was higher than mucoepidermoid carcinomas ( P = 0.020) and polymorphous adenocarcinomas ( P = 0.002). Conclusion: In the present study, although the decrease in the number of myoepithelial cells was associated with increased proliferation in adenoid cystic carcinomas, no such relationship was found in the overall assessment between the two groups. This can be justified by the fact that the clinical behavior of salivary carcinomas and their cell proliferation may be affected by factors other than the presence of myoepithelial cells or lack thereof. Ki-67 and P63/P40 expressions may be useful to differentiate adenoid cystic carcinomas from polymorphous adenocarcinomas in small biopsies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".