The American Chill Pill : Tracking Demographic Changes in US Moral Rationalizations (1995-2020)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Researchers have found that defense mechanisms are linked to moral reasoning. Age and sex are associated with defense utilization, wherein older individuals use mature defense mechanisms, and females use internalizing defenses. Research has identified that morality in society is declining. The present study evaluated the association of age, sex, and wave to rationalization in a situation involving moral reasoning. Age was hypothesized to correlate negatively with rationalizations, and females were hypothesized to utilize more rationalizations. Rationalization utilization was hypothesized to increase over time. Differences were found by age, suggesting older Americans were least likely to rationalize. Rationalization utilization increased over time among all ages. An interaction was found between age and wave, wherein the combination of variables predicted a participant’s mean rationalizations. This study fills a gap in the literature by examining how rationalizations change in a nation, helping to understand how society’s views on wrongdoings change with time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".