A Programmable Complex Impedance IC for Scalable and Reconfigurable Meta-Atoms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents the design of a fully-custom integrated circuit (IC) suitable for adjusting the complex impedance of individual meta-atoms to enable programmability of metasurface systems. Implemented in a 0.18 μm mixed-signal CMOS process, the circuit utilizes four integrated complex impedance elements, each one with 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">16</sup> available states. The impedance elements are optimized between 2–6 GHz, thus covering the entire S-band as well as half of the C-band. An asynchronous digital control circuit based on Quasi Delay Insensitive (QDI) circuits has been employed, offering basic communication capabilities and software programmability, but most importantly, the clockless operation allows for extreme scalability, ultra-low static power consumption and low electromagnetic (EM) radiated emissions. An array of meta-atoms utilizing the ICs can form metasurfaces with arbitrary sizes and shapes, on both rigid and flexible substrates, adjusting their surface impedance without interfering with incoming EM waves. Measurement results of the 2.2 mm × 2.2 mm IC demonstrate that it achieves a reconfiguration frequency of 1 MHz for all loading elements, whilst consuming 324 μW static power consumption.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".