Introduction and establishment of biological control agents for control of emerald ash borer (<i>Agrilus planipennis</i>) in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The emerald ash borer,Agrilus planipennisFairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a serious pest of ash (Fraxinusspp.) (Oleaceae) in North America. Control of emerald ash borer is difficult in natural forest settings; therefore, a classical biological control programme is the most feasible management option for this invasive, nonnative insect. Here, we report the first Canadian release and establishment of parasitoidsTetrastichus planipennisiYang (Hymeoptera: Eulophinae),Oobius agriliZhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), andSpathius galinaeBelokobylskij and Strazanac (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in natural forests in Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick, Canada for the control of emerald ash borer. Releases ofT. planipennisiwere made from 2013 to 2019,O. agrilifrom 2015 to 2019, andS. galinaefrom 2017 to 2019. Trees from release sites were destructively sampled to rear out adult emerald ash borers and parasitoids 1–3 years after parasitoid release. Recoveries ofT. planipennisiwere made at 81% of release sites (13 of 16) 1–2 years after release, andO. agiliwere recovered from 29% of release sites (4 of 14) 1–3 years after release.Spathius galinaewas not recovered. These data provide important information for the development and deployment of a successful biological control programme for the management of emerald ash borer in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".