Tracing Acid-Base Variables in Exercising Horses: Effects of Pre-Loading Oral Electrolytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oral electrolyte supplementation may influence acid-base state during exercise due to the intestinal absorption of administered water and electrolytes used to mitigating sweat losses. This study examined the effect of pre-exercise electrolyte supplementation (3 and 8 L) on plasma acid-base variables at rest, during moderate intensity exercise and during recovery. It was hypothesized that electrolyte supplementation will result in improved acid-base state compared to the alkalosis typical of prolonged exercise. In randomized crossover fashion, four horses were administered 3 L or 8 L of a hypotonic electrolyte solution (PNW) intended to replace sweat losses, or water alone (CON), 1 h before treadmill exercise to fatigue (at 35% of peak VO2) or for 45 min at 50% peak VO2. Blood was sampled at 10-min intervals before, during and after exercise, and analyzed for dependent and independent acid-base variables. Effects of 3 L of supplementation at low exercise intensities were minimal. In the 8 L trials, plasma [H+] decreased (p < 0.05) during exercise and early recovery in CON but not PNW. Plasma TCO2 decreased (p < 0.05) by 30 min after PNW reaching a nadir of 28.0 ± 1.5 mmol/L during the early exercise period (p = 0.018). Plasma pCO2 and strong ion difference [SID] were the primary contributors to changes in [H+] and [TCO2], respectively. Pre-exercise PNW of 8 L intended to fully replenish sweat loses maintained [H+], decreased [TCO2] and mitigated the mild alkalosis during moderate intensity exercise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".