Exogenous induction of type I IFN protects mice from <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> and <i>Cryptococcus gattii</i> infections by distinct CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell-mediated mechanisms.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Rational Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) causes deadly mycosis in AIDS patients whereas the Vancouver outbreak strain of Cryptococcus gattii (Cg) mostly infects otherwise healthy individuals but not AIDS patients even where the strains are equally prevalent in the environment. As HIV infection induces type I IFN (t1I) we hypothesized that exogenously induced t1I would differentially affect infections by Cn and Cg. Results Cn or Cg infected mice were dosed with poly(I:C)LC (PIC) to induce t1I. PIC-treated mice were protected from Cn and Cg infection-mediated death with reduced fungal burdens. Both Cn and Cg infection produced a non-protective immune response dominated by Th2 cell recruitment, M2/DC2 polarization and eosinophilia. PIC-treatment reversed the Th2 polarization toward increased Th1/17 cells, M1/DC1 polarization and reduced eosinophilia. PIC also induced activation of CD8 T cells in both Cg and Cn infected mice. Cg-infected CD8 cell-deficient mice were not protected by PIC treatment while PIC protection was intact in Cn-infected CD8 cell-deficient mice. In contrast, PIC protection was intact in Cg-infected CD4 cell-deficient mice while Cn-infected CD4 cell-deficient mice were not protected by PIC treatment. Conclusions These data show that t1I induction protects mice from Cn and Cg however protection was mediated by distinct immune mechanisms. PIC-mediated protection from Cn requires CD4 but not CD8 cells while PIC-mediated protection from Cg requires CD8 but not CD4 cells. Notably, Cn but not Cg was able to grow in CD4-deficient t1I-induced mice, which somewhat resemble the immunological condition of AIDS patients, suggesting a novel explanation for the observed AIDS patient tropism of these cryptococcal species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".