Rapid Galectin-9 release occurs following HIV-1 acquisition in acute HIV-1 infection (P6165)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Despite successes with antiretroviral therapy, HIV infection continues to be a significant health burden with patients remaining at risk of non-AIDS defining events. The earliest immunological responses induced during HIV infection are key events in the control of HIV disease progression. Soluble biomarkers may aid in understanding HIV-immunopathogenesis, inflammation and prophylactic vaccine design. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a bidirectional immune regulator that promotes tissue inflammation and cell death but induces immune tolerance in part through engagement with the Tim-3 receptor. We measured circulating levels of Gal-9 in the plasma of 10 acute HIV-infected subjects at multiple time points over a 42-day period, before and after detectable HIV RNA. Plasma HIV RNA levels increased rapidly in all subjects. We found that Gal-9 levels rose with the first median elevation time of 5 days after detectable viremia and a median peak of 57.4 pg/ml. Overall Gal-9 levels generally tracked with viremia. In vitro, recombinant Gal-9 significantly increased IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells compared to untreated cells (0.02% vs 1.2%) in cultures from early HIV-infected subjects and this was reversed by α-lactose blockade. Our findings reveal that Gal-9 is a novel plasma factor that is rapidly elevated during the first wave of the cytokine storm after HIV emergence and may have important roles in CD4+ T cell loss or the response to tissue damage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".