Bibliographic record
Abstract
In May 1930 the Surrealist writer Philippe Soupault suggested to Samuel Beckett that he team up with the poet Alfred Péron to translate into French a chapter from what was to become James Joyce’s final novel, Finnegans Wake (published in 1939). The collaboration with Péron can be seen as a starting point for Beckett’s development as a translator – a development that is interlaced with that of him as a writer. In a special Surrealist issue of This Quarter published in 1932, over a quarter of the volume’s two hundred texts were ‘rendered into English by Samuel Beckett’. 1 Commissioned by Nancy Cunard, whose Hours Press had awarded Beckett’s poem ‘Whoroscope’ with a prize in 1930, he translated nineteen texts (prose, poetry, essays) for Negro: An Anthology (1934). This groundbreaking collection was conceived by Cunard as ‘no less than a comprehensive history of the cultural, social, political, and artistic achievements of the black people in the world’. 2 Throughout the 1930s Beckett would also translate a great number of Surrealist texts into English for various issues of transition magazine. Clearly, Beckett was a productive translator in this formative decade, and although he himself may have regarded his translations as mere bread-and-butter exercises, their creative originality and the obvious effort he put into them suggest that they are centrally important to his oeuvre. I would argue, in fact, that they are to be considered as source texts in their own right. As Sinéad Mooney suggests, Beckett was interested in ‘broadening [through translation] the expansive possibilities of English’, an ambition he shared with many of his contemporaries. 3 His translations are essential in understanding how his poetics evolved, and helped shape his approach to the self-translations by which he would go on to create, particularly after the Second World War, the famous redoubling of his oeuvre: Beckett’s self-translations are generally considered to be both dependent on and autonomous from their source texts. Similarly, adapting to his own goals the cultural context around him, Beckett in the 1930s produced translations that deserve to be seen in a fresh light: as experiments in transposing – both recreating source texts and creating independent target texts – rather than in merely translating texts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.045 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".