Celebrating 50 years of optometry education in Norway.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Celebrating 50 years of optometry education in NorwayWe are nearing the end of 2022.The year when the Norwegian optometry education celebrated 50 years of innovation and excellence.Congratulations, Norway!During these 50 years the professional education has gone from being a craft to becoming a health care profession with education at bachelor's, master's and doctoral level.It all started in Kongsberg in 1972, with a 2-year vocational training program in optics at Tinius Olsens Tekniske School under the leadership of Jacob Kjell Hultgren.In 1977, this became a 2-year engineering college level degree program, which was extended to a 3-year degree program in 1987.This took place under the leadership of Kjell Inge Daae, a visionary leader who motivated and inspired many of today's staff to travel to the UK, Australia and Canada to build on their education and later to work towards and obtain PhDs.He understood the need for the education to be researchbased and the need to have staff that engaged in research as an integrated part of the education program.Fast-forward to 2003 and the education has developed.It became a 3-year bachelor's degree program in optometry under the leadership of Janne Dugstad and now for the first time recognised as a health education.In 2004 the Norwegian authorities followed suit and gave optometrists, under Norwegian law, the right to use selected diagnostics drugs.This was of major benefit to patients and was strengthened in 2009 when optometrists also gained the right to refer directly to ophthalmologists.The optometry education received accreditation for a master's degree program in visual science in 2008, a program that was revised and accredited as master's in optometry and visual science in 2012.This happened under the leadership of Bente Monica Aakre, the current and first head of department with a PhD.The optometry education continued to develop and became
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.030 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".