M2 macrophages are the origin of tumor metastasis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Tumor metastasis is a key factor affecting the life of patients with malignant tumors. For the past hundred years, scientists have been focusing on how to kill cancer cells and inhibit their metastasis in vivo, but few breakthroughs have been made. Here we propose a novel mode for cancer metastasis. Here we show that the phagocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells by macrophages leads to their polarization into the M2 phenotype, and that the expression of stem cell related as well as drug resistance genes are induced. Therefore, it appears that M2 macrophages have "defected" and have been transformed into the initial "metastatic cancer cells", and thus are the source of the distal tissue tumor metastasis. This conclusion is supported by the presence of fused cells with both macrophage and tumor cell characteristics in the peripheral blood and ascites of patients with ovarian cancer. By suppressing the expression of CD206 in M2 macrophages by siRNA, we show that the growth and metastasis of tumors is suppressed at the in vitro cell line and in the in vivo experimental mice models. In summary, we show that M2 macrophages in the blood circulation undergo a "change of loyalty" to become "cancer cells" that undergo distal tissue metastasis, which can be suppressed by the knockdown of CD206 expression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".