Identifying superimposed W–Sn mineralization events using cassiterite microtextures, trace-element chemistry, and geochronology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Numerous large deposits are formed by multiple mineralization events, however, how to identify superimposed mineralization events is poorly understood. The Xiangdong deposit is a large quartz vein-hosted W–Sn deposit within the Dengfuxian composite granite in South China. Previous studies have suggested that there are two discrete W–Sn mineralization events in the deposit, whereas the ore-forming conditions and processes of the two mineralization events are still unclear. To address these ambiguities, this contribution characterized the microtextures, trace-element chemistry, and geochronology of cassiterite assemblages within W–Sn-rich quartz veins. Based on cathodoluminescence (CL) images, cassiterite crystals were classified into two types with textural differences — Cst 1 and Cst 2. Cassiterite 1 is subhedral to irregular and exhibits complex zonation, whereas Cst 2 is euhedral and exhibits oscillatory zonation. Trace-element concentrations and maps of cassiterite obtained via LA–ICP–MS indicate that Cst 1 has high Fe, W, U, and Sb, but low Nb, Ta, and Zr concentrations, whereas Cst 2 has high Nb, Ta, and Zr, but low Fe, W, U, and Sb concentrations. This indicates that Cst 2 formed from higher temperature and more oxidizing hydrothermal fluids than Cst 1. Laser ablation ICP–MS U–Pb geochronological results of Cst 1 and Cst 2 demonstrate they precipitated at 150.0 ± 2.6 Ma and 136.3 ± 5.5 Ma, respectively. This contribution demonstrates that integrated textural and compositional studies of cassiterite assemblages are critical to identifying hydrothermal events that superimposed W–Sn mineralization, and to constrain ore-forming mechanisms and the physicochemical conditions of the environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".