A 6 GHz Digitally-Controlled Oscillator Achieving Minimum Fine Tuning Step Size of Up to 160 Hz Using Capacitive Degeneration Technique in 40 nm CMOS Process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a 5.41 GHz- 6.75 GHz digitally-controlled oscillator (DCO) that can steadily step through minimum fine tuning step sizes of 2.85 kHz at operation of 5.56 GHz (equivalent of 1.02 kHz at 2 GHz) and if pushed further, it can achieve even finer minimum resolution of up to 156 Hz step sizes consistently in post-layout EM extracted simulations, and inconsistently when the fabricated die is measured. These small step sizes was achieved using source degeneration technique with bank sets on both the drain and source side of the DCO. The DCO was fabricated in a commercially available 40 nm CMOS Process. The measured DCO core consumed 10 mW of power from a 2. 5V supply. The DCO had phase noise of −114dBc/Hz (at 1 MHz offset), and FoM of −181 dBc/Hz (at 1 MHz offset) at a frequency of 6.75 GHz. The tuning range of the DCO was 22.04%. While the DCO did not consistently switch through 160 Hz of fine tuning step sizes, nevertheless this experiment was valuable in assessing the limits of using source degeneration in 40nm CMOS kit. Some possible reasons why the step size was inconsistent could be due to the limit of the frequency measurement apparatus (noise of the machine can mask the actual fine tuning results of the DCO), the phase noise of the DCO itself, or PVT parasitic variations (trace inductance, trace capacitance, and parasitic/fabrication mismatch of the bank switching transistors of the fine tuning banks).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".