Blast-Resistant Window Anchors. I: Experimental Investigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A comprehensive experimental investigation was conducted on blast-resistant window anchors involving 46 tests of double-pane insulated glass units (IGUs) anchored to structural steel, reinforced concrete, concrete block masonry, and stone masonry substrates. The tests were conducted using a shock tube. The windows were glazed with security films of different thickness. Different number and spacing of steel anchors were used to secure the window frames to substrates. Each window was subjected to two levels of blast loads, consisting of 28 kPa, 207 kPa-ms, and 69 kPa, 621 kPa-ms reflected pressure–impulse combinations. The windows were instrumented to measure anchor forces. The anchors developed out-of-plane shear forces and in-plane axial tension associated with postbreak membrane action. The results indicate that anchor shear forces show variations with window stiffness, substrate type, and anchor arrangements, often developing lower forces than those computed based on the static application of blast loads, indicating significant inertia resistance. Rigid substrates produce higher anchor forces. In addition to the experimental results, the paper presents single-degree-of-freedom analysis results for anchor force computation, indicating good correlations with experimental data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".