Respiratory Diseases' Burden in children and adolescents of marginalized population: A retrospective study in slum area of Karachi, Pakistan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Worldwide, the burden of respiratory disease has dramatically increased, endangering public health. To our knowledge, there have been no reported cases of respiratory illness among children and adolescents living in the slums of Karachi, Pakistan. This study aimed to assess the burden of respiratory disease in marginalized slum populations and the factors causing such an increase in disease burden. Methods: This study was conducted in 35 slums of Karachi, Pakistan, to determine the prevalence of respiratory disease in children and adolescents. Data on pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, tuberculosis, and asthma from August 2019 to July 2022 were analyzed and inferences were drawn. Results: Among the studied diseases, pneumonia was more prevalent among females (39,864, 44.9%), followed by males (19,006, 21.4%). Most of the children (59,988, 67.6%) were aged 1-5 years. In addition, of those diagnosed with pneumonia, 50,348 (56.8%) were from the same age group. Furthermore, bronchiolitis was found among 10,830 (12.2%) children aged 5-9 years. The majority (46,906, 52.9%) of the studied population belonged to the Pathan ethnicity, followed by Sindhi (21,522, 24.2%), and most of them (84,330, 95.1%) were of a lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions: This study found that pneumonia is the most common respiratory disease followed by bronchiolitis in children and adolescents in a marginalized slum population of Karachi, Pakistan. Both pneumonia and bronchiolitis have seasonal variations in their occurrence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".