Deproteinized bovine bone and freeze‐dried bone allograft in sinus floor augmentation: A randomized controlled trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of deproteinized bovine bone (DBB, Bio-Oss®) and freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA, SureOss®) on bone healing during maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) using histology, immunohistochemistry, and gene expressions of the marker genes including Runx2, Opn, Ocn, Col1a1, Rankl, and Tnf-α. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen participants who required two-stage maxillary sinus augmentation were randomly assigned to DBB and FDBA bone grafting groups. Six months after the sinus augmentation procedure, bone samples were collected before implant placement with a trephine bur. Gene expression of Runx2, Opn, Ocn, Col1a1, Rankl, and Tnf-α of the bone samples was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction as a primary outcome. Histological analysis of H&E-stained sections, immunohistochemistry for OPN quantification, and CBCT-based bone tissue examination were performed to investigate the bone healing effects of DBB and FDBA substitutes. RESULTS: The FDBA treated group showed higher gene expression when compared with the DBB treated group in Opn (2.83 ± 1.23 vs. 1.40 ± 0.69; p = 0.04), Runx2 (1.49 ± 0.44 vs. 0.67 ± 0.14; p = 0.01), and Rankl (2.34 ± 0.85 vs. 0.69 ± 0.39; p = 0.03). In the DBB treated group a downregulated expression was found of Ocn relative to maxillary edentulous bone (1.18 ± 0.40 vs. 2.51 ± 0.78; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Two-stage maxillary sinus augmentation with FDBA upregulated specific bone remodeling genes when compared to DBB. The outcome of gene expression matched with the ones for OPN immunoreactivity, being higher in the FDBA group. FDBA had an expression pattern similar to native bone and showed stronger expression of bone forming related-genes suggesting it may be clinically preferable over DBB. This clinical trial was not registered prior to participant recruitment and randomization (clinical registration number TCTR20221217002).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".