Latent profiles of early life perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and body composition at age 12 years: The Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and aim: We used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify subpopulations with distinct perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure trajectories during early life, and assess their associations with body composition at age 12 years. Methods: Among 390 mother-child dyads enrolled in the HOME Study, we quantified serum concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) at least once during pregnancy (mothers) or at ages 3, 8, and 12 years (children). We measured child’s weight and height to calculate body mass index (BMI) and performed dual energy x-ray absorptiometry to measure fat mass index (FMI) and lean body mass index (LBMI) at age 12 years, and calculated age- and sex-standardized Z-scores for all measures. We performed an LPA of all log2-transformed PFAS measures, across all timepoints, using full information maximum likelihood to account for missing exposure data, and used likelihood ratio tests to assess model fit. We estimated adjusted associations (95% confidence intervals) for profile membership with body composition measures among 239 singletons with at least one outcome measure, and adjusted for parity, duration of breastfeeding (weeks), household income, and average maternal serum cotinine and blood lead concentrations during pregnancy. Results: A two-profile model fit best, with ~50% of the analytic sample in each profile. Relative to profile 1, geometric means of PFAS concentrations in profile 2 were higher at all timepoints, particularly at the 3-year visit. In adjusted analyses, membership in profile 2 was associated with a -0.49 (-0.94, -0.03) lower height Z-score, -0.46 (-0.89, -0.02) lower BMI Z-score, -0.22 (-0.58, 0.08) lower FMI Z-score, and -0.74 (-1.23, -0.24) lower LBMI Z-score. Conclusions: Using LPA to model longitudinal PFAS biomarkers, we found evidence that higher PFAS exposure during early life affects adolescent stature and body composition. Keywords: BMD, child, LPA, PFAS
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".