Risk of Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease With Visual Hallucinations and Subjective Cognitive Complaints
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Purpose Visual hallucinations (VH) and subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) are associated with cognitive impairment (CI) in Parkinson's disease.Our aims were to determine the association between VH and SCC and the risk of CI development in a cohort of patients with Parkinson's disease and normal cognition (PD-NC).Methods Patients with PD-NC (total score of >80 on the Parkinson's Disease Cognitive Rating Scale [PD-CRS]) recruited from the Spanish COPPADIS cohort from January 2016 to November 2017 were followed up after 2 years.Subjects with a score of 1 on domain 5 and item 13 of the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale at baseline (V0) were considered as "with SCC" and "with VH, " respectively.CI at the 2-year follow-up (plus or minus 1 month) (V2) was defined as a PD-CRS total score of <81.Results At V0 (n=376, 58.2% males, age 61.148.73 years [meanSD]), the frequencies of VH and SCC were 13.6% and 62.2%, respectively.VH were more frequent in patients with SCC than in those without: 18.8% (44/234) vs 4.9% (7/142), p<0.0001.At V2, 15.2% (57/376) of the patients had developed CI.VH presenting at V0 was associated with a higher risk of CI at V2 (odds ratio [OR]=2.68,95% confidence interval=1.05-6.83,p=0.039) after controlling for the effects of age, disease duration, education, medication, motor and nonmotor status, mood, and PD-CRS total score at V0.Although SCC were not associated with CI at V2, presenting both VH and SCC at V0 increased the probability of having CI at V2 (OR=3.71,95% confidence in-terval=1.36-10.17,p=0.011).Conclusions VH were associated with the development of SCC and CI at the 2-year follow-up in patients with PD-NC.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it