Bibliographic record
Abstract
The growth of the elderly population is a major public concern in industrialized countries. Understanding the factors contributing to better health in late life is essential. Canadians appear to be healthier than Americans, yet concrete findings that determine whether older Canadians are healthier than older Americans are missing. The primary goal of this study is to examine the relative importance of the health care system in explaining why older Canadians may be healthier than older Americans. To achieve this goal, this study (a) assessed if older Canadians are healthier than older Americans; (b) investigated the impact of health care coverage among several cohorts in Canada and the United States; and (c) explored what would be the effect of extending Medicare to a younger age. The Joint Canada/United States Survey of Health (JCUSH), 2003 was used to determine the health differences between Canadians and Americans, and to understand the impact of universal health coverage on health. Health status differences between the two countries were assessed using self-rated health, number of chronic conditions, number of functional limitations, and Health Utility Index Mark 3 (HUI3) scores. The Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) 1992-2002 was used to examine the health impact of Medicare coverage among previously uninsured people 55 to 64 years old. The HRS is a longitudinal study that was designed to follow working people as they reach retirement. Health status will be assessed using self-rated health. The results from the JCUSH indicated that, overall, older Canadians were in better health, had healthier lifestyle and greater access to regular care than their American counterparts. The findings also showed that middle-aged insured Americans reported lower self-rated health and HUI3 than their Canadian counterparts. Finally, the results from the HRS indicated that the decline in health of people who where uninsured prior to Medicare eligibility age stabilized when they became Medicare beneficiaries. This study concluded that U.S. Medicare is valuable for those without insurance, however; providing coverage to all would not be sufficient to ensure better health in late life. Policy makers should concentrate their efforts toward achieving universal, affordable, and stable coverage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".