Nipah Virus Exposure in Domestic and Peridomestic Animals Living in Human Outbreak Sites, Bangladesh, 2013–2015
Bibliographic record
Abstract
H enipaviruses are batborne zoonoses that have caused fatal neurologic and respiratory disease outbreaks in humans, horses, and pigs.In Bangladesh, the Indian flying fox (Pteropus medius) is the known natural reservoir for Nipah virus (NiV).NiV causes annual outbreaks in humans in Bangladesh, where the primary mode of spillover is through consumption of date palm sap contaminated by P. medius bats (1); NiV infection is a particular concern for public health because of the high case-fatality ratio and the risk for person-to-person transmission (2).Domestic and peridomestic animals have been important intermediate hosts for zoonotic henipavirus transmission in outbreaks occurring in Australia, Malaysia, and the Philippines (3,4).One cross-sectional study suggested possible exposure of livestock to henipaviruses in Bangladesh (5).Three instances in which animal contact was associated with human NiV infections in Bangladesh have been reported(1,6,7), although little is known about the transmission mechanisms of henipaviruses into livestock and peridomestic animals in Bangladesh.Our study aimed to detect prior NiV infection among livestock and peridomestic animals living in proximity to humans with spillover cases and identify possible exposure pathways in Bangladesh. The StudyDuring January 2013-January 2015, a total of 6 confirmed human Nipah outbreaks were identified through the Nipah surveillance system in Bangladesh (Figure) (8).Once an index case-patient was identified, we identified the closest bat roosts to the case-patient's household and collected urine from underneath the roosts by using plastic tarps.We aliquoted roost urine in cryovials containing lysis buffer, stored them at cryogenic temperatures, and tested them for evidence of NiV RNA.We used extracted RNA from bat roost urine for detecting NiV by using a probe-based real-time reverse transcription PCR assay (9).Roosts were located from 150 m to 2 km from the human spillover index casepatient's household for all 6 outbreaks (Table 1).Ultimately, we sampled only 5 of the 6 roosts; 1 roost could not be sampled because of political unrest.We identified evidence of NiV RNA shedding in urine collected from 4 roosts.We defined a positive sample as one having >1 aliquot with a cycle threshold value <39.During October 2013-October 2015, at 4-9 months after onset in human case-patients, we revisited the villages surrounding each bat roost to test for evidence of infection among domestic animals (e.g., cattle and goats) and peridomestic animals (e.g., dogs, cats, rodents, and house shrews) living near the bat roosts; none of the villages had Nipah Virus Exposure in Domestic and Peridomestic Animals Living in Human OutbreakSites, Bangladesh, 2013-2015
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".