Evaluation of the interFoam solver in the prediction of immiscible two-phase flow in imbibition and drainage on the pore-doublet system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Drainage and imbibition at low to moderate capillary number, are very important phenomena, in which the SCAL data are derived. In this venue, there is an increasing trend to apply computational fluid dynamic models at pore scale to extract the required parameters for multiphase flow study. Before applying these methods, their abilities to capture the real performance of fluids at the pore scale with corresponding capillary numbers should be validated. Moreover, due to the dimensional difference from pore to core scale, rigorous statistical methods are required to successfully extract the corresponding SCAL parameters. Hence for any model, before constructing any SCAL data via digital methods, validation at the pore scale along with the investigation of the possible effect of the dimensional change from pore to core scale are significant priorities. In this study, the performance of interFoam, a solver for immiscible two-phase flow from OpenFOAM, at the pore scale is evaluated. An image of the pore doublet system is digitized and meshed with different resolutions to capture the contact angle movement. The average pore diameters are different, and the pore diameter pathway varies. The experimental results are extracted from an article, which extensively performed the tests for different imbibition and drainage regime on this pore doublet system. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis on mesh geometry, refinement near boundaries, and contact angle is conducted. The drainage simulation and experimental results in the pore doublet system are in good agreement with each other. As expected, the displacement happens in the larger diameter and bypasses the wetting fluid in the narrow constriction. In imbibition, the displacement first takes place in the smaller constriction and then the wetting phase starts invading the larger diameter pore. From the sensitivity analysis, it is concluded that the instability of the front is mainly related to the slip condition at the walls. Moreover, the spreading of wetting film near the wall is prevalent at very low contact angles. The results show that the solver can predict the flow behavior in imbibition and drainage on the pore doublet system and the results are comparable with the experiments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".