Tween 20 Stabilized Conventional Heavy Crude Oil-In-Water Emulsions Formed by Mechanical Homogenization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the preparation of stable conventional heavy crude oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions by mechanical homogenization with the addition of a non-ionic surfactant, Tween-20. A four-factor, five-level central composite design was carried out to investigate the effects of four independent variables, including mixing intensity (4,000–10,000 rpm), mixing duration (5–45 min), water salinity (0–40 g/L), and the concentration of emulsifier (0.1–2.1 wt%) on the emulsion stability. Emulsion stability was determined by quantification of creaming index, turbidity change rate, and average oil droplet size. The results demonstrated that the salinity of 30 g/L, mixing intensity of 8,500 rpm, mixing duration of 35 min, and emulsifier concentration of 1.6 wt% led to the formation of the most stable emulsion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".