Re-organization of nucleolar architecture in myogenic differentiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Myogenesis, the process of muscle differentiation, requires an extensive remodeling of the cellular transcriptome and proteome. Whereas the transcriptional program underpinning myogenesis is well characterized, the required adaptation in protein synthesis is incompletely understood. Enhanced protein synthesis necessitates ribosome biogenesis at the nucleolus. Nucleolar size and activity are inextricably linked with altered gene expression. Here, we report changes in nucleolar morphology and function during myogenic differentiation. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed alterations in nucleolar morphology that were dependent on the cellular state - proliferative or quiescent myogenic progenitors (myoblasts or reserve cells) contained multiple small nucleoli with a characteristic spherical shape, whereas multinucleated myotubes typically contained one large, often irregularly shaped nucleolus. These morphological alterations are consistent with changes to nucleolar phase separation properties. Re-organization of the nucleolar structure was correlated with enhanced rRNA production and protein translation. Inhibition of mTOR signaling with rapamycin perturbed nucleolar re-organization. Conversely, hyperactivated mTOR enhanced alterations in nucleolar morphology. These findings support the idea that there is an mTOR dependent re-organization of nucleolar structure during myogenesis, enhancing our understanding of myogenesis and possibly facilitating new approaches to therapeutic interventions in muscle pathologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".