La 'certainty of objects' e il potere di nomina nei trust testamentari (Royal Trust Corporation of Canada v The Welfare Institution of the Jews of Athens, 23 agosto 2022)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
MassimaIl potere di nominare il beneficiario finale di un trust testamentario fra i “ragionevoli enti benefici in Grecia” (“reasonable charity within the country of Greece”) è valido e non comporta la nullità della disposizione per mancanza della “certainty of objects”. Questo quando le parole del testatore, seppur poco precise, non lasciano dubbi sull’intento di quest’ultimo; e soprattutto quando il titolare del potere è, nei fatti, riuscito ad esercitarlo correttamente. L’esercizio del potere di nomina e quindi la nomina stessa, quando effettuata per testamento, può essere validamente revocata da un testamento successivo. L’indicazione del presidente di un ente benefico quale beneficiario di un trust testamentario – quando è chiaro dalle circostanze che il testatore intendeva beneficiare l’ente – deve essere intesa come riferita all’ente stesso o, almeno, al presidente quale trustee di un trust a favore dell’ente (o meglio del suo scopo).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".