Insights into the Electrochemical Behavior of Manganese Oxides as Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions: Monometallic Core‐Shell Mn/Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Overcoming the sluggish electrode kinetics of both oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR/OER) with non‐precious metal electrocatalysts will accelerate the development of rechargeable metal‐air batteries and regenerative fuel cells. The authors investigated the electrochemical behavior and ORR/OER catalytic activity of core‐porous shell Mn/Mn 3 O 4 nanoparticles in comparison with other manganese dioxides (β‐ and γ‐MnO 2 ), and benchmarked against Pt/C and Pt/C‐IrO 2 . Under reversible operation in O 2 ‐saturated 5 M KOH at 22 °C, the early stage activity of core‐shell Mn/Mn 3 O 4 shows two times higher ORR and OER current density compared to the other MnO 2 structures at 0.32 and 1.62 V versus RHE, respectively. It is revealed that Mn(III) oxidation to Mn(IV) is the primary cause of Mn/Mn 3 O 4 activity loss during ORR/OER potential cycling. To address it, an electrochemical activation method using Co(II) is proposed. By incorporating Co(II) into MnO x , new active sites are introduced and the content of Mn(II) is increased, which can stabilize the Mn(III) sites through comproportionation with Mn(IV). The Co‐incorporated Mn/Mn 3 O 4 has superior activity and durability. Furthermore, it also surpassed the activity of Pt/C‐IrO 2 with similar durability. This study demonstrates that cost‐effective ORR/OER catalysis is possible.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".