Transforming micropores to mesopores by heat cycling KOH activated petcoke for improved kinetics of adsorption of naphthenic acids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Formation of activated carbon from petroleum coke by KOH, results in high specific surface area materials that are predominantly microporous. This initial microporosity means that the adsorption kinetics of target species are not as rapid as they could be, thus limiting environmental remediation applications for the material. To address this problem a series of additional heat cycles with no additional chemical inputs were applied after activation but prior to the removal of activating agents. This process resulted in the oxidation of residual potassium metal from the initial activation which allows it to function again as an activating agent for the subsequent cycles. The heat cycling resulted in an increase in mesoporosity by 10–25% with each successive cycle independent of the KOH to feedstock ratio. This was shown to be demonstrably different than equivalently extended heating times, thus identifying the importance of thermal cycling. Adsorption kinetics of three model naphthenic acids showed faster kinetics for the pore widened activated carbon. The t 1/2 times dropped from 20 to 6.6 min for diphenyl acetic acid, 34.3 to 4.5 min for cyclohexane acetic acid, and 51.4 to 12.0 min for heptanoic acid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".