Droplet evaporation of alcohol-biodiesel blends
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite recent research on blends of biodiesel with higher alcohols in Diesel engines , no information on their behaviour as single droplets is available. This work presents experimental data on the droplet evaporation of blends of biodiesel with 1-propanol and 1-pentanol and compares them to the results of numerical models of droplet evaporation. The phase equilibrium of the non-ideal mixture of alcohol with biodiesel was modelled using activity coefficients calculated from the UNIFAC method, which was shown to accurately reproduce experimental VLE data from the literature. Droplet evaporation experiments were performed for 1-propanol/biodiesel and 1-pentanol/biodiesel blends at temperatures of 450 °C and 700 °C. The numerical modelling compared two different liquid phase models: well-mixed and diffusion-limited. The diffusion-limited model was found to best represent the droplet evaporation process, particularly early in the droplet lifetime. Internal boiling and bubble formation were observed for all mixtures, driven by the large difference in boiling point between the alcohol and biodiesel components (around 200˚C). The diffusion-limited model was also able to roughly predict the conditions under which bubble formation could occur.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".