Loss of Y is associated with multi-omic changes in immune cells from Alzheimer’s disease patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common and increasing societal problem due to the extending human lifespan. In males, loss of Y (LOY) in leukocytes is more prevalent in AD patients. We studied DNA methylation, gene expression and other epigenetic changes in monocytes and granulocytes with and without LOY from male AD patients and controls. New candidate genes were identified and numerous genes already implicated in AD pathogenesis were confirmed. We show that multi-omics of leukocytes can define AD candidate genes and we strengthen the role of LOY in disease development. The LOY-associated differences in DNA methylation levels were predominantly observed in regulatory regions, and supported by expression analysis showing down-regulation of immune genes. The single-cell transcriptomics highlighted that the AD patient-specific immune activation dominates over LOY-specific activation. Our findings agree with the hypothesis that age-related dysfunction of immune cells contribute to AD and that LOY is reflected by higher-level epigenetic changes with an AD-specific pattern.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".