Corn Grain Yield Prediction Using UAV-based High Spatiotemporal Resolution Multispectral Imagery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Food demand is expected to rise significantly by 2050 due to the increase in population; additionally, receding water levels, climate change, and a decrease in the amount of available arable land will threaten food production. Yield precision maps, an application of precision agriculture, can be used by farmers to address these challenges by reducing input costs and optimizing yield. These maps can be created using machine learning models trained on field data (e.g., imagery data). Although performing satellite-based remote sensing to gather imagery has some advantages, using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)s is favorable over satellite-based approaches due to the higher spatial and temporal resolutions of the imagery. Vegetation indices (VI)s can be computed from the imagery and can represent the state or condition of vegetation. The present work performed yield prediction regression experiments that analyzed the effects of image spatial resolution (satellite vs. UAV) on prediction results, compared and ranked the prediction power of 33 VIs (and 5 raw-bands) over the growing season, and explored the optimal image acquisition date that produced the best prediction results. We gathered yield data and UAV-based multispectral imagery from a Canadian smart farm and trained random forest (RF) and linear regression (LR) machine learning models. High spatial resolution data generally led to better prediction results than lower spatial resolution data, especially for the RF model, where regardless of the VI choice or image acquisition date, good results were obtained. VIs that included the near-infrared and/or red-edge band generally performed better than the red-green-blue (RGB) VIs. The best performing VIs were: simple ratio index (near-infrared (NIR) & red-edge), normalized difference vegetation index with red-edge instead of red, normalized green index, green chlorophyll index, and simple ratio index (NIR & green). When higher spatial resolution imagery was available, optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index and renormalized difference vegetation index also performed well. We found that imagery from the middle of the growing season produced the best prediction results, even for some RGB VIs and raw-bands.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".