Hard of hearing: the effect of distance and experimental noise on mountain chickadee song transmission
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urban noise can disrupt avian communication networks, resulting in reduced communication among individuals. Mountain chickadees alter their vocalisations in areas of high ambient noise; however, it is unknown how audible their signals are within the nest cavity, where the female remains during dawn signalling. To test the relative audibility of songs within the nest box of urban and rural chickadees, we conducted a playback experiment directed at empty nest boxes using an autonomous recording unit above the box with external microphones and an internal microphone inside the nest box. We placed a speaker 25-75 m from the nest box and played two playback files of mountain chickadee songs – one with added noise and one without. Songs had a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in rural habitats and in ‘Without Added Noise’ treatments, however, SNR decreased with increasing distance from the nest box. The lower frequency song notes had a lower SNR inside the nest in both treatment types. As expected, noise and distance resulted in decreased SNR of chickadee songs within the nest cavity. These findings suggest a possible constraint in urban birds requiring them to reduce their distance from the nest to ensure audibility to the female while in noise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".