Cognitive impairment among HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy in Indonesia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its related complications remain a health problem in developing countries.Cognitive impairment is a complication of HIV infection and is often undetected.Untreated cognitive impairment can lead to decreased quality of life.This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment among HIV-infected patients and its associated risk factors. Material and methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted at Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar Indonesia, from October to December 2020.It involved 93 HIV outpatients aged 18-59 years.Cognitive impairment was determined by the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) test.Blood samples were taken for CD4, anti-HCV, and routine blood tests.Nadir (lowest ever) CD4 and antiretroviral therapy (ART) information were obtained from patient medical records.Data were analysed using SPSS version 22.The statistical tests used were the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. Results:Cognitive impairment was found in 47.3% of subjects.Bivariate analysis found a significant relationship between age 41-59 years (p = 0.025), nadir CD4 count < 200 cells/l (p = 0.001), and anaemia (p = 0.04) with cognitive impairment.Multivariate analysis showed that the most significant factors associated with cognitive impairment were nadir CD4 count < 200 cells/l (OR 4.4; 95% CI: 1.75-11.17)and age 41-59 years (OR 3.0; 95% CI: 1.01-8.73). Conclusions:The prevalence of cognitive impairment was found to be high in HIV-infected adults receiving ART.Low nadir CD4 count (40 years old) was identified as a risk factor associated with impaired cognitive function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".