Exploring Association of Anemia with Diabetic Foot Ulcer and its Impact on Disease Outcome in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Both short-term and long-term complications are common in people with diabetes, making the disease quite difficult to manage. Among them development of foot ulcer is like a nightmare for diabetic patients. Foot deformities, impairment of microcirculation and concomitant neuropathy all add in the development of these ulcers, that are either delayed to heal or do not heal at all leading to amputation or in extreme cases even death. In addition to these major contributors, concomitant comorbidities like anemia may lead to development of an ulcer or effect it’s healing. If anemia identified and treated promptly may enhanced recovery of diabetic foot ulcer patients. We analyzed the effects of anemia on the prognosis of individuals with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Methods: We prospectively followed 165 diabetic patients admitted to the hospital with DFU until they were either discharged or died. Patient's demographic data, characteristics of the ulcers, duration of diabetes, presence of comorbid conditions, need for blood transfusion and diabetic complications were all taken into account. The appropriate imaging and laboratory tests were conducted. The incidence of anemia and its effect on illness outcome in DFU patients were examined. Results: Anemia was found in 70% of patients with 38% required blood transfusion. The presence of gangrene, PAD, and an ulcer that had been present for more than a month prior to admission were all significant demographic and clinical predictors of anemia, [p0.008], [p0.00.1], [p0.001] respectively. Comorbidities like proteinuria [p0.003], moderate [p0.002] and severe [p0.00.1] constriction of the blood vessels, previous stroke [p0.012], kidney dysfunction [p0.002] were all significantly linked with anemia. Regarding effect of anemia on disease outcome delayed wound healing [p0.008], osteomyelitis [p0.005], amputation [p0.034] and mortality [p0.008] were all substantially correlated with anemia. Conclusion: Anemia was seen in majority of patients with DFU. Significant association was found between anemia and worse ulcer outcome in the form of delayed wound healing, osteomyelitis, mputation and mortality. Therefore, it needs to be identified and managed promptly, like other major risk factors such as infection, ischemia and pressure offloading, to promote earlier and complete healing. Keywords: Exploring, Association , Anemia, Diabetic Foot Ulcer , A Tertiary Care Hospital
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".