Near-bottom aggregations of <i>Calanus</i> spp. copepods in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence in summer: significance for North Atlantic right whale foraging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Copepods of the genus Calanus are a critical source of food for the North Atlantic right whale (NARW), Eubalaena glacialis. We quantified variations in depth-integrated abundance and vertical distribution of Calanus spp. in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (sGSL) in August 2019. While Calanus finmarchicus was the most abundant species of Calanus, the larger C. hyperboreus was prominent in the Shediac Valley, a NARW high-use area, contributing a median of 55% estimated depth-integrated biomass of Calanus spp. during the first leg of the field mission. Near-bottom aggregations of Calanus spp. with concentrations exceeding 1000 ind m−3 occurred primarily at depths ranging from 70 to 90 m. Ontogenetic and diel vertical migrations likely contributed to development of these subsurface aggregations. During the day, Calanus spp. and euphausiids occurred in a compact near-bottom layer, indicating enhanced foraging conditions for NARW. We observed considerable variation in abundance and vertical distribution of Calanus spp., highlighting the dynamic nature of NARW prey distribution at scales of weeks and tens of kilometers in the sGSL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".